Isihloli Sebhethri: Izinhlobo Zebhethri Lezimoto kanye Namazinga Abalulekile

1. Amabhethri e-lead-Acid

• Incazelo: Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezimoto zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi (ICE), olwakhiwe amaseli ayisithupha angu-2V ochungechungeni (ingqikithi engu-12V). Basebenzisa i-lead dioxide kanye ne-sponge lead njengezinto ezisebenzayo ezine-sulfuric acid electrolyte.
• Izinhlobo ezingaphansi:
  • Izikhukhula (Okuvamile): Idinga ukunakekelwa ngezikhathi ezithile (isb, ukugcwaliswa kabusha kwe-electrolyte).
  • I-Valve-Regulated (VRLA): Ifaka i-Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) namabhethri e-Gel, anganakekelwa futhi angachitheki139.
• Amazinga:
  • IsiShayina GB: Amakhodi amamodeli afana6-QAW-54akhombisa i-voltage (12V), uhlelo lokusebenza (Q lwezimoto), uhlobo (A lokushajwa okomile, u-W olunganakekelwa), umthamo (54Ah), kanye nokubukeza (a kokuthuthukiswa kokuqala)15.
  • I-JIS yaseJapane: Isb,I-NS40ZL(N=izinga le-JIS, S=usayizi omncane, u-Z=ukukhipha okuthuthukisiwe, L=itheminali yesobunxele)19.
  • I-DIN yesiJalimane: Amakhodi afana54434(5=umthamo <100Ah, umthamo wama-44Ah)15.
  • I-BCI yaseMelika: Isb,58430(58=usayizi weqembu, 430A ama-amp cranking abandayo)15.

2. Amabhethri Asekelwe ku-Nickel

• I-Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd): Akuvamile ezimotweni zesimanje ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwemvelo. Amandla kagesi: 1.2V, ubude besikhathi ~ 500 imijikelezo37.
• I-Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH): Isetshenziswa ezimotweni eziyingxubevange. Umthamo ophezulu (~2100mAh) nempilo yokuphila (~imijikelezo engu-1000)37.

3. Amabhethri Asekelwe Lithium

• I-Lithium-Ion (Li-ion): Inamandla ezimotweni zikagesi (EVs). Ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu (3.6V ngeseli), engasindi, kodwa ezwela ukushajwa ngokweqile kanye nokubaleka okushisayo37.
• I-Lithium Polymer (Li-Po): Isebenzisa i-polymer electrolyte ukuze kube nezimo nokuzinza. Ithambekele kancane ekuvuzeni kodwa idinga ukuphathwa okunembayo37.
• Amazinga:
  • I-GB 38031-2025: Icacisa izidingo zokuphepha zamabhethri e-EV traction, okufaka ukuzinza kwe-thermal, ukudlidliza, ukuchoboza, nokuhlolwa komjikelezo wokushaja okusheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe umlilo/ukuqhuma210.
  • I-GB/T 31485-2015: Igunyaza ukuhlolwa kokuphepha (ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile, i-short-circuit, ukushisa, njll.) kumabhethri e-lithium-ion kanye ne-nickel-metal hydride46.

Ukubaluleka Kwempilo Yebhethri Ekuphepheni Kwezimoto

1. Amandla Okuqala Athembekile:
   • Ibhethri eyonakele lingase lehluleke ukuletha ama-amps anele, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kokuqalisa injini, ikakhulukazi ezimeni ezibandayo. Amazinga afana nama-BCII-CCA (Cold Cranking Amps)qinisekisa ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi15.
2. Ukuzinza Kwesistimu kagesi:
   • Amabhethri abuthakathaka abangela ukuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi, ukulimaza izinto zikagesi ezibucayi (isb., ama-ECU, i-infotainment). Imiklamo enganakekeli (isb, i-AGM) inciphisa ukuvuza kanye nezingozi zokugqwala13.
3. Ukuvimbela Izingozi Ezishisayo:
   • Amabhethri e-Li-ion angalungile angangena endaweni eshisayo, akhiphe amagesi anobuthi noma abangele imililo. Amazinga afanaI-GB 38031-2025ukuphoqelela ukuhlola okunzima (isb, umthelela ophansi, ukumelana nokushisa kokusabalalisa) ukuze unciphise lezi zingozi210.
4. Ukuhambisana Nezinqubo Zokuphepha:
   • Amabhethri aguga angase ahluleke ukuhlolwa kokuphepha njengeukumelana nokudlidliza(Izindinganiso ze-DIN) nomagcina umthamo(isilinganiso se-RC ye-BCI), sikhulisa amathuba ezimo eziphuthumayo eziseceleni komgwaqo16.
5. Izingozi Zemvelo Nezokusebenza:
   • I-electrolyte evuzayo evela kumabhethri e-lead-asidi eyonakele ingcolisa amasistimu ezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo okuvamile (isb, amandla kagesi, ukumelana nangaphakathi) kuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso zemvelo nokusebenza39.

Isiphetho

Amabhethri ezimoto ayahluka ngekhemistri nokusebenza, ngalinye libuswa amazinga aqondene nesifunda (GB, JIS, DIN, BCI). Impilo yebhethri ibalulekile hhayi ekuthembekeni kwemoto kuphela kodwa nasekuvimbeleni ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele. Ukunamathela ezindinganisweni ezithuthukayo (isb., izinqubomgomo zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ze-GB 38031-2025) kuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhethri amelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, avikela bobabili abasebenzisi nendawo. Ukuxilonga okuvamile (isb., ukukhokhiswa, ukuhlola kwangaphakathi ukumelana) kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe amaphutha kusenesikhathi kanye nokuhambisana.

Ukuze uthole izinqubo zokuhlola ezinemininingwane noma ukucaciswa kwesifunda, bheka izindinganiso ezikhonjiwe kanye nemihlahlandlela yomkhiqizi.